面试
面试对话
分布式系统
1、简述一下什么是分布式系统
分布式系统，说得简单一点就是建立在网络之上的软件系统，分布式系统将原有的软件系统拆分为一个个独立的模块，每一个模块分布在联通的计算机之上，模块与模块之间使用消息传递进行通信和动作协调。
2、为什么要搭建分布式系统
随着互联网的快速发展，公司的业务也在不断的发展，注册用户增加、网站应用的功能、规模不断扩大，特别是移动互联网的发展，APP、微信、自助终端机等访问渠道的增加，各种新业务，新需求不断涌入，系统会出现下面这些问题：
- 应用代码耦合严重，功能扩展难度增大
- 新需求开发工程量大，测试困难
- 新加入团队的成员难以快速熟悉庞大的系统架构
- 系统性能提升困难
如果使用分布式架构能够将系统拆分为多个独立的服务，每一个服务可以部署到单独的服务器上，系统的耦合程度被大大降低，开发新服务与维护旧服务的成本也大大降低。同时系统性能的提升也脱离了传统的“烟囱式”垂直搭建方式，而是可以通过扩“横向”扩展模式，所谓横向扩展是指通过增加更多的机器来提升整个系统的性能，而不是靠升级单台计算机的硬件，横向扩展则没有，每当性能下降的时候，你就需要增加一台机器，这样理论上讲可以达到无限大的工作负载支持。
服务质量(Quality of Service， QoS)
用于评估服务方满足客户服务需求的能力。通过配置QoS，对企业的网络流量进行调控，避免并管理网络拥塞，减少报文的丢失率，同时也可以为企业用户提供专用带宽或者为不同的业务（语音、视频、数据等）提供差分服务。
3、分布式系统的特征
分布性：分布式系统由多台计算机组成，它们在地域上是分散的，可以散布在一个单位、一个城市、一个国家，甚至全球范围内。整个系统的功能是分散在各个节点上实现的，因而分布式系统具有数据处理的分布性。
自治性：分布式系统中的各个节点都包含自己的处理机和内存，各自具有独立的处理数据的功能。通常，彼此在地位上是平等的，无主次之分，既能自治地进行工作，又能利用共享的通信线路来传送信息，协调任务处理。
并行性：一个大的任务可以划分为若干个子任务，分别在不同的主机上执行。
全局性：分布式系统中必须存在一个单一的、全局的进程通信机制，使得任何一个进程都能与其他进程通信，并且不区分本地通信与远程通信。同时，还应当有全局的保护机制。系统中所有机器上有统一的系统调用集合，它们必须适应分布式的环境。在所有CPU上运行同样的内核，使协调工作更加容易。
4、并行系统与分布式系统的区别
- 最大的区别就是，并行系统虽然也是有多个处理单元组成，但是这些处理单元之间的通信是通过 共享内存 实现的，而分布式系统包含的多个处理器之间的通信是通过 网络进行
- 从广义上来说，分布式系统也属于并行系统的一种，只是很多个处理单元可能位于不同的位置，他们之间的通信方式是通过网络进行的。
5、分布式系统如何进行分布
哈希
以哈希方式把不同的值进行哈希运算，映射到不同的机器或者节点上。这种方式在扩展的时候比较困难，因为数据分散在多个机器上很容易出现分布不均的情况，常见的哈希对象有ip，url，id等。
数据范围
按数据范围分布，比如ID在1~100的在机器a上，ID在100~200的在机器b上，诸如此类。这种分布方法数据比较均匀。如果某个节点处理能力有限，可以直接分裂这个节点。
维护数据分布的这些原数据，如果量非常大的话，可能会出现单点瓶颈。
因此一定要严格控制元数据量。
数据量
按数据量来分布数据，是以较为固定的大小将数据划分为若干的数据块，再把不同的数据块分布到不同的服务器上。
以数据量来进行分布的这些数据，也需要被记录下来作为元数据来管理。
当集群规模很大时，元数据的量也会变大。
副本与数据分布
这种方式是指把数据给分散到多个服务器上。如果其中一台出现问题，请求就会被转到其他服务器上。其原理是多个机器互为副本，这是比较理想的实现负载分压的方式。
一致性哈希
通过哈希域构造哈希环，在增加机器时，变动的是其附近的节点，分摊的是附近节点的压力，其元数据的维护和按数量分布的维护方式一致。
6、分布式系统的优缺点
6.1 分布式系统优点
- 高可用：分布式计算系统中的一个重要的优点是可靠性。一台服务器的系统崩溃并不影响到其余的服务器，仍可以正常对外提供服务。
- 高可扩展：可以通过线性的增加机器资源，来应对不断增长的外部需求。
- 资源共享：因为分布式系统中各个节点通过网络相互连接，实现资源共享就相当容易。
- 高性能：相较于集中式计算机网络集群可以提供更高的性能（及更好的性价比）。
6.2 分布式系统缺点
1、数据的一致性
考虑到大量的机器故障：宕机、重启、关机，数据可能丢失、陈旧、出错，如何让系统容纳这些问题，对外保证数据的正确性，需要相当复杂的设计。
2、网络和通信故障
网络的不可靠，消息可能丢失、早到、迟到、Hang住，这给机器间的协调带来了极大的复杂度。像TCP等网络基础协议，能解决部分问题，但更多的需要系统层面自己处理。更不用说，开放式网络上可能存在的消息伪造。
3、管理复杂度
机器数量到达一定数量级时，如何对他们进行有效监控、收集日志、负载均衡，都是很大挑战。
4、延迟
网络通信延迟要比机器内通信高出几个数量级，而组件越多、网络跳数越多，延迟便会更高，这些最终都会作用于系统对外服务质量上。
7、分布式系统的应用场景
场景1：应用系统集群的Session共享
应用系统集群最简单的就是服务器集群，比如：Tomcat集群。应用系统集群的时候，比较凸显的问题是Session共享，Session共享我们
一是可以通过服务器插件来解决。另外一种也可以通过Redis等中间件实现。
场景2：应用系统的服务化拆分
服务化拆分，是目前非常火热的一种方式。现在都在提微服务。通过对传统项目进行服务化拆分，达到服务独立解耦，单服务又可以横向扩容。服务化拆分遇到的经典问题就是分布式事务问题。目前，比较常用的分布式事务解决方案有几种：消息最终一致性、TCC补偿型事务等。
场景3：底层数据库的压力分摊
如果系统的性能压力出现在数据库，那我们就可以读写分离、分库分表等方案进行解决。
8、分布式锁
未来计划
为什么报软件所
英语面试
介绍
介绍一下你自己
| 框架 | 英文 |
|---|---|
| 寒暄+基本信息介绍 | Good morning / afternoon, dear professors! it`s really my honor and pleasure to have a chance to be here. My name is 崔杰翔, 22 years old and I come from 张家界， Hunan Province. I am currently a senior student in Xi’an University of Science and Technology, and my major is Computer Science and Technology . |
| 本科信息 | During my undergraduate period, I have learned the basic knowledge of Computer Science and my average GPA is 3.25，The operating system subject score is 90 points，and the total score is maintained in the top 15% of the grade，Meanwhile, I successfully passed CET-6 in my sophomore year。 In the first semester of my junior year, I served as the team leader to build a music sharing community based on SpringBoot. In the project, I was mainly responsible for writing the project architecture and most of the back-end development. . |
| 未来规划/读研展望 | Next, I want to talk about my future plans. Among all the research fields, I feel my passion in Software engineering . I am particularly interested in distributed system, so I want to make further study on it. In the next three years，I plan to read vast relevant literature to form a systematic view of my major. Besides that， I will concentrate on the study on my professional field and work hard to improve my research ability. |
| 结束语 | That’s all about me. If I am lucky enough to be admitted, I will devote myself to the study and research in the next three years. |
介绍一下你的家乡
My hometown is Zhangjiajie City, located in Hunan Province,and is known as a famous tourist city. my hometown boasts of a spectacular(壮观的) natural scenery that includes Huangshi Village ，TianMen Mountion and BaoFeng lake。But what impress me the most is Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, It is a World Heritage Site and the first national forest park in chain, in this park , there are stunning mountains, waterfalls, and forests. When you are in this magical landscape(景色), you can feel the magic of nature.
Zhangjiajie’s also boasts of modern infrastructure,own airport and high-speed railway, which make transportation and communication convenient for visitors.
Whether you’re a nature lover or a food enthusiast, Zhangjiajie is a marvelous place to visit . So, if you’re planning a trip to Hunan, don’t forget to add Zhangjiajie to your itinerary(行程)!
我的家乡是位于湖南省的张家界市，是一个著名的旅游城市。这座城市以令人惊叹的自然风光而 闻名，其中包括武陵源景区、天门山和宝峰湖，但最让我印象深刻的是武陵源景区，这是一个世界遗产地，拥有令人惊叹的沙岩柱、瀑布和森林，当您置身于这片神奇的景区时，似乎能够感受到大自然的鬼斧神工。
张家界的现代基础设施也让交通和通讯变得非常方便，无论您是自然爱好者还是美食爱好者，张家界都能够为您提供各种选择。因此，如果您计划前往湖南旅游，不要忘记将张家界加入您的行程！
介绍一下你的学校
I am now studying at Xi’an University of Science and Technology，which located in the Northeast of Xi’an,. Established in 1958. The campus covers an area of more than 3.3 million square meters, equipped with advanced facilities for teaching, research, and student life.
my university provides me with a good learning atmosphere, so I really enjoy the past four years I spent there. Under the guidance of my teachers, I am quipped with good learning and practical abilities.
In the future, I will continu e to be strict with myself and work hard to be an excellent postgraduate, Live up to(不辜负) the expectations of the school and teachers.
我现在在西安科技大学学习，它位于西安市的东北部，成立于1958年。校园占地面积330多万平方米，拥有先进的教学、科研和学生生活设施。
它为我提供了一个良好的学习氛围，所以我真的很享受我在那里度过的四年。在老师的指导下，我具有良好的学习和实践能力。
我会继续严格要求自己，努力成为一名优秀的研究生，不辜负学校和老师的期望。
介绍一下你所在的城市
My university is located in xi’an , I love this city very much。
Xi’an is one of the oldest cities in China, with a history spanning over 3,000 years. It is the capital of Shaanxi Province. The city is famous for its rich cultural heritage, as it was once the capital of numerous ancient Chinese dynasties, including the Qin, Han, and Tang. Visitors can explore many historical sites in Xi’an, such as the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, the City Wall, and the Bell Tower.
Apart from its historical significance. The city is also known for its distinctive local snacks, such as roujiamo and biangbiang noodles. In recent years, Xi’an has become an increasingly popular destination for both domestic and international tourists. With its unique blend(混合) of ancient and modern culture, Xi’an offers different experience for everyone.
西安是中国历史最悠久的城市之一，其历史可以追溯到3000多年前。它是陕西省的省会。这座城市以其丰富的文化遗产而闻名，曾是许多古代中国王朝的首都，包括秦、汉和唐。游客可以探索许多历史遗迹，如兵马俑、城墙和钟楼。
除了历史意义，西安也是一座现代化和充满活力的城市。它拥有蓬勃发展的经济、多样化的美食场景和充满活力的夜生活。这座城市还以其独特的地方小吃而闻名，如肉夹馍和扯面。近年来，西安已成为国内外游客越来越受欢迎的目的地。凭借其古代和现代文化的独特融合，西安为每个人提供了不同的体验。
介绍一下映像深刻的teamwork
the teamwork that impressed me deeply was a course design project I participated in during my senior year ,which is a program based on Java and Vue. Our team members cooperated with each other, clarified the division of work, and constantly pushed the project progress according to the plan. During the project, we found that some modules were difficult and required more time and effort to research and implement. Therefore, we arranged more meeting and discussion time, and finally successfully completed the project.
首先，我印象深刻的是在本科期间参与的一次课程设计项目。我们小组成员之间相互配合，分工明确，按照计划进度不断推进项目进展。在项目过程中，我们发现有一些模块难度较大，需要更多的时间和精力去研究和实现。于是，我们安排了更多的会议时间和讨论时间，最终成功地完成了项目。
介绍一下你的家庭
Ok,I am very happy to introduce my family
My family is greatly important to me, and I am grateful for their love and support. My father works as a merchant, and my mother is a teacher. They are both hard-working individuals who have always encouraged me to pursue my goals and dreams. They have always prioritized education and have instilled(逐步灌输) in me a strong work ethic(道德) and a love for learning.
I also have a younger sister who is currently studying in high school . She is very talented and dedicated(专注的), and I am proud of all her achievements. Despite our age gap, we have a close relationship and enjoy spending time together.
Overall, I feel blessed(保佑) to have such a loving and supportive family, and I know that their encouragement will continue to inspire me as I pursue my academic and career goals.
为什么
万能模板
为什么选择软件工程专业
I chose software engineering as my major for several reasons.
First and foremost, I **particularly interested in ** technology and enjoy problem-solving using computers. When I first came into contact with computers when I was a child, I became interested in computers. Since then, I have aspired to become an excellent developer
Secondly, our country pays more and more attention to the software industry and has a high demand for professionals with strong technical skills. Pursuing a degree in software engineering will allow me to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in this field.
Finally, I believe that software engineering has the potential to make a significant impact on society by improving people’s lives through the creation of useful software applications. I am excited about the opportunities that this field offers and look forward to making a meaningful contribution to it.
选择软件工程作为我的专业，有几个原因。
首先，我对科技有热情，喜欢用计算机解决问题。自我小时候第一次接触电脑，我就对电脑产生了丰厚的兴趣，自此之后我立志于成为一名优秀的开发者。
其次，软件行业正在迅速发展，需要具备强大技术技能的专业人才。攻读软件工程学位将使我获得必要的技能和知识，以在这个领域中脱颖而出。
最后，我相信软件工程有潜力通过创造创新和有用的软件应用来对社会产生重大影响，我对这个领域的机会感到兴奋，期待为之做出有意义的贡献。
为什么要考研
为什么选择我们学校
| 框架 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 态度 | I made the decision to apply for University of Chinese Academy of Sciences after a careful consideration | 我决定在仔细考虑之后申请中国科学院 |
| 原因一（背景） | First of all，University of Chinese Academy of Sciences has excellent teaching staff for my major and enjoys a high reputation all over the world。 | 首先，中国科学院为我的专业人士提供了重要的教学人员，并在世界各地享有很高的声誉 |
| 原因二（自身） | I am particularly interested in research ，University of Chinese Academy of sciences can provide me the best platform to realize my dream。 | 我对研究充满热情，并喜欢深入研究主题，中国科学院可以为我提供最佳的平台，以实现我的梦想。 |
| 原因三（地域） | secondly，Beijing is also one of my favorite cities，I love Beijing’s food and historical buildings。 | 其次，北京也是我最喜欢的城市之一，我喜欢北京的食物和历史建筑。 |
| 将来 | I have been working hard to realize my dream over the last year and I will continue to be strict with myself in the future. | 在过去的一年中，我一直在努力实现自己的梦想，将来我将继续严格对自己。 |
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences：中国科学院大学
为什么选择分布式系统作为你的研究方向
| 框架 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 态度 | I made the decision to chose distributed system research and application as my research direction after a careful consideration | 我决定在仔细考虑之后申请中国科学院 |
| 原因一（背景） | First of all ， I am very interested in programming. When I was in college, I also learned a lot of programming-related knowledge, such as Java programming language and SpringBoot framework. During the development process, I contacted with the application of distributed systems, and I was very interested in it. By learning distributed system, I can improve my programming ability and expand my programming thinking. | 我对编程非常感兴趣，在大学期间也是学习过很多编程相关的知识，例如Java编程语言和SpringBoot框架，开发过程中我接触到了分布式系统的应用，对其非常感兴趣，希望通过学习分布式系统来提升自己的编程能力，扩展自己的编程思维。 |
| 原因三（地域） | Secondly, I think the research and application direction of distributed systems is challenging and stimulating. I am happy to challenge myself and make some progress. | 我认为分布式系统研究与应用方向是非常有难度的，但我非常希望能够挑战自我，只有不断挑战自我自己才能得到进步 |
| 原因二（自身） | Lastly, I think this research direction has practical value。Distributed systems are becoming increasingly common and popular in modern applications, and knowing how to effectively build and manage them is crucial to modern software develo pment。 | 我对研究充满热情，并喜欢深入研究主题，中国科学院可以为我提供最佳的平台，以实现我的梦想。 |
| 总结 | That’s all about my answer , thank you for your question | 这就是我的回答，谢谢你的问题 |
哪种
你喜欢什么样的导师？
Firstly, I prefer mentors who are passionate about research and have a broad vision. Such mentors can lead me into cutting-edge research fields, broaden my research perspective, and help me continue to learn and grow.
Secondly, I prefer mentors who will pay attention to cultivating my research and practical abilities, provide me with sufficient resources and opportunities, and allow me to delve deeply into practice and exploration.
last but not least, I prefer the mentors who can establish a good teacher-student relationship, Respect and understand each other，i think a good teacher-student relationship is a key to cultivate research atmosphere .
首先，我喜欢那些对科研充满热情并且具有广阔视野的导师。这样的导师可以带领我走进前沿的研究领域，拓展我的研究视野，让我不断学习和成长。
其次，我也希望导师注重培养我的科研能力和实践能力，能够为我提供充分的资源和机会，让我可以深入实践和探索。
最后，我希望能够和导师建立良好的师生关系，互相尊重与理解，好的师生关系是培养良好研究氛围的关键。
大学期间最喜欢的课程是什么
My favorite course is data structure，I love it for three reasons.
Firstly, data structures are essential tools for organizing(组织) and manipulating data in computer programming. By learning data structures, I can improve my problem-solving abilities and become a more efficient programmer.
Secondly, studying data structures can be stimulating and challenging. It requires me to think about how to design algorithms and improve it.
Lastly, understanding data structures can provide a deeper understanding of how computers work and how they process information. This knowledge can be valuable in a wide range of fields, from computer science to engineering to mathematics.
我最喜欢的课程是数据结构，我喜欢它有三个原因
首先，数据结构是计算机编程中组织和处理数据的基本工具。通过学习数据结构，人们可以提高解决问题的能力，成为一名更有效率的程序员。
第二，研究数据结构可能会带来刺激和挑战。这需要人们批判性地思考如何设计有效的算法并加以改进。
最后，理解数据结构可以提供对计算机如何工作以及如何处理信息的更深入理解。这些知识在从计算机科学到工程到数学的广泛领域都很有价值。
你会选择哪种人成为你的女朋友
When considering what kind of person I would choose to be my girlfriend, there are a few qualities that I find particularly important.
Firstly, I value someone who is kind and compassionate(富有同情心的) towards others, as empathy(共鸣) and consideration for others is an essential aspect of a healthy and fulfilling relationship.
Secondly, I look for someone who is driven and passionate about their goals, as shared ambition and motivation can lead to growth and success together.
Finally, a sense of humor and a positive outlook on life is crucial, as laughter and positivity can make even the toughest of times easier to handle.
首先，我珍视那些对他人友善、富有同情心的人，因为共鸣和对他人的关注是健康、充实的关系的重要方面。
其次，我寻找那些对自己的目标充满动力和热情的人，因为共同的雄心壮志和动力可以共同促进成长和成功。
最后，幽默感和对生活积极的态度至关重要，因为笑声和积极性可以让即使是最艰难的时刻也更容易应对。
如何（做法）
模板
如何面对压力
- Get rid of pressure：摆脱压力困扰
如何面对失败（考研失败）
reflect on：反思
Graduate student entrance examination：研究生考试
如何平衡学习与生活
- Make full use of my time：充分利用好我的时间
未来计划
通用模板
读研规划（五年计划）
Can you talk about your plans for the next five years?
What do you want to achieve in the next five years?
| 框架 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 态度 | If I am admitted, there are some goals I want to achieve in the postgraduate period. | 如果我被录取了，我想在研究生期间实现一些目标。 |
| 规划 | Before beginning my graduate studies, I plan to read relevant books and papers on the research area I will be studying. I believe that this will help me gain a deeper understanding of the field and better prepare me for the academic challenges ahead. In the first year, I plan to dedicate myself to studying and mastering the basics of my field, with the goal of earning high grades on exams. I understand that coursework will be a challenging but necessary component of my education, and I am committed to meeting these challenges head-on. In the subsequent two years, I will be working closely with my mentor, which will provide me with an opportunity to gain an in-depth understanding of the field. I intend to participate in research projects, publish papers, all of which will provide valuable experience and qualifications for my future career. |
规划在开始我的研究生学习之前，我计划广泛阅读有关我将要学习的研究领域的知识。我相信这将帮助我更深入地了解这个领域，并为未来的学术挑战做好更好的准备。 在第一年，我计划致力于学习和掌握我所在领域的基础知识，目标是在考试中获得高分。我明白，课程工作将是我教育中一个具有挑战性但必要的组成部分，我将致力于正面迎接这些挑战。 在接下来的两年里，我将与我的导师密切合作，这将为我提供一个深入了解该领域的机会。我打算参加研究项目，发表论文，所有这些都将为我未来的职业生涯提供宝贵的经验和资格。 |
| 绝心 | In order to achieve these goals, I will continue to be strict with myself and work hard to be an excellent postgraduate. | 为了实现这些目标，我将继续严格要求自己，努力成为一名优秀的研究生。 |
是否读博
Do you have any plans to apply for a PhD?
Have you thought of doing a PhD?Regarding this question, I have considered before, for me personally, studying for a doctoral degree is a very prudent thing,because doctoral degree requires very high ability, I don’t think I have the ability to study for doctoral degree at the present stage , so this matter is not yet easy to come to a conclusion。But in the future， I intend to exercise and practice in the process of studying in my period of postgraduate. if I find that I have the ability and the opportunity to pursue a doctorate degree， I will certainly actively strive for it.
关于这个问题，我之前考虑过，对于我个人来说，读博是一件非常慎重的事情，因为读博对能力的要求非常高，我认为我现阶段还没有能力读博，所以这个事情还不容易下结论。在未来，我需要在研究生期间的学习过程中锻炼和实践。如果我发现我有能力和机会攻读博士学位，我一定会积极争取。
问答
critical thinking
critical thinking, from my opinion, can be concluded by two sentences, the first sentence is ‘nothing in the world is absolutely right’, the second sentence is ‘nothing in the world is permanent right’.
for the first sentence, I think everything in our reality has two sides, the good effect and the bad effect, but most of us , in the reality, only see the good in things, which might lead to failure because ignoring the bad effect behind the good effect, The bad effects of neglect are often fatal。
for the second sentence , I think everything in our reality is dynamic not static, good and bad is a relative concept, today’s answer is not suit to tomorrow’s question, today’s failure might be helpful to tomorrow’s success.
that all I realize from critical thinking.
（1）
调查传统的金融交易系统和互联网金融平台，以及它们存在的问题和挑战，如信用风险、数据隐私等方面的问题。
(2)
\3. 区块链技术在金融领域的应用场景。介绍数字货币、智能合约、供应链金融、股票交易等方面的应用，以及它们解决的问题和优势。
\4.
\5.